Column Stores, Column-Oriented, noSQL Data Structures, etc
In 2020 as I had a few job interviews with various “FAANG” companies, I found that some of my knowledge of Column Store databases was lacking, so I wrote this draft blog post with a bunch of links, planning to polish it later. I don’t recall what the original vision of this post was. Instead, I will call this post “a list of good links and some definitions pulled from various websites for learning about column stores and related database technologys”:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aggregate-functions-in-sql/
Parquet
“Parquet isn’t a database. Instead it’s a file format which can be used to store database tables on distributed file systems like HDFS, CEPH or AWS S3. Data is stored in Parquet in chunks that contain blocks of column data in a fashion that makes it possible to break up a Parquet file. Storing the file on many distributed hosts while allowing it to be processed in parallel. You can access Parquet files using Apache Spark, Hive, Pig, Apache Drill and Cloudera’s Impala.”
For more information on Parquet: https://parquet.apache.org/documentation/latest/
“Column store databases store data in columns instead of rows. They make it possible to compute statistics on those columns one to two orders of magnitude or more, faster than on traditional row-oriented databases.
A column-oriented table is very good for analytics but usually terrible for traditional transactional workloads.
Most, although not all, column stores are designed to operated on a distributed cluster of servers.”
“Which NoSQL database is most suitable for GROUP BY\Aggregation queries on large dataset ?AnswerFollow·7Request13 AnswersAndrew Patterson, Software EngineerAnswered April 25, 2018
Colomn-oriented databases are your best bet because fields are stored together on disk thereby minimising seeks and hopefully faster queries.”
Free and open-source software (FOSS)
| Database Name | Language Implemented in | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Apache Druid | Java | started in 2011 for low-latency massive ingestion and queries |
| Apache Kudu | C++ | released in 2016 to complete the Apache Hadoop ecosystem |
| Calpont InfiniDB | C++ | |
| ClickHouse | C++ | released in 2016 to analyze data that is updated in real time |
| CrateDB | Java | |
| C-Store | ||
| Greenplum Database | C | |
| PostgreSQL cstore_fdw [1], vops [2] | C | cstore_fdw uses ORC format |
| MariaDB ColumnStore | C & C++ | formerly Calpont InfiniDB |
| MapD | C++ | |
| Metakit | C++ | |
| MonetDB | C | |
| Scylla (database) Open Source | C++ |
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
- Amazon Redshift
- Microsoft Azure SQL Data Warehouse
- Google BigQuery
- Oracle Autonomous Datawarehouse Cloud Service
- Scylla (database) Cloud
- Snowflake Computing
- MariaDB SkySQL
Proprietary
- Actuate Corporation BIRT Analytics ColumnarDB
- Dimensional Insight
- Endeca
- EXASOL
- EXtremeDB
- IBM Db2
- Infobright
- KDB
- kdb+
- memSQL
- Microsoft SQL Server 2012
- Oracle Database (in-memory option)[3]
- Oracle Exadata[citation needed]
- ParAccel
- SAND_CDBMS
- SAP HANA[4]
- SAP IQ
- Scylla (database) Enterprise
- SenSage
- SQream
- Teradata
- Vector, formerly Vectorwise
- Vertica (developed from open-source C-Store)
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